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Table of Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Preface
1
Introduction to Chemistry
1.1
Chemistry in the Modern World
1.2
The Scientific Method
1.3
A Description of Matter
1.4
A Brief History of Chemistry
1.5
The Atom
1.6
Isotopes and Atomic Masses
1.7
Introduction to the Periodic Table
1.8
Essential Elements for Life
1.9
Essential Skills 1
1.10
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2
Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas
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2.1
Chemical Compounds
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2.2
Chemical Formulas
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2.3
Naming Ionic Compounds
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2.4
Naming Covalent Compounds
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2.5
Acids and Bases
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2.6
Industrially Important Chemicals
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2.7
End-of-Chapter Material
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3
Chemical Reactions
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3.1
The Mole and Molar Masses
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3.2
Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
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3.3
Chemical Equations
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3.4
Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations
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3.5
Classifying Chemical Reactions
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3.6
Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
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3.7
Essential Skills 2
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3.8
End-of-Chapter Material
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4
Reactions in Aqueous Solution
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4.1
Aqueous Solutions
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4.2
Solution Concentrations
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4.3
Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution
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4.4
Ionic Equations
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4.5
Precipitation Reactions
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4.6
Acid–Base Reactions
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4.7
The Chemistry of Acid Rain
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4.8
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions in Solution
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4.9
Quantitative Analysis Using Titrations
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4.10
Essential Skills 3
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4.11
End-of-Chapter Material
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5
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
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5.1
Energy and Work
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5.2
Enthalpy
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5.3
Calorimetry
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5.4
Thermochemistry and Nutrition
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5.5
Energy Sources and the Environment
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5.6
Essential Skills 4
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5.7
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6
The Structure of Atoms
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6.1
Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation
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6.2
The Quantization of Energy
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6.3
Atomic Spectra and Models of the Atom
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6.4
The Relationship between Energy and Mass
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6.5
Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies
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6.6
Building Up the Periodic Table
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6.7
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7
The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends
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7.1
The History of the Periodic Table
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7.2
Sizes of Atoms and Ions
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7.3
Energetics of Ion Formation
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7.4
The Chemical Families
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7.5
Trace Elements in Biological Systems
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7.6
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8
Ionic versus Covalent Bonding
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8.1
An Overview of Chemical Bonding
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8.2
Ionic Bonding
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8.3
Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids
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8.4
Lewis Electron Dot Symbols
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8.5
Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding
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8.6
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
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8.7
Lewis Acids and Bases
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8.8
Properties of Covalent Bonds
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8.9
Polar Covalent Bonds
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8.10
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9
Molecular Geometry and Covalent Bonding Models
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9.1
Predicting the Geometry of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
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9.2
Localized Bonding and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
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9.3
Delocalized Bonding and Molecular Orbitals
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9.4
Polyatomic Systems with Multiple Bonds
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9.5
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10
Gases
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10.1
Gaseous Elements and Compounds
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10.2
Gas Pressure
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10.3
Relationships among Pressure, Temperature, Volume, and Amount
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10.4
The Ideal Gas Law
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10.5
Mixtures of Gases
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10.6
Gas Volumes and Stoichiometry
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10.7
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
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10.8
The Behavior of Real Gases
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10.9
Essential Skills 5
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10.10
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11
Liquids
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11.1
The Kinetic Molecular Description of Liquids
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11.2
Intermolecular Forces
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11.3
Unique Properties of Liquids
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11.4
Vapor Pressure
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11.5
Changes of State
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11.6
Critical Temperature and Pressure
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11.7
Phase Diagrams
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11.8
Liquid Crystals
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11.9
Essential Skills 6
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11.10
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12
Solids
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12.1
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
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12.2
The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids
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12.3
Structures of Simple Binary Compounds
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12.4
Defects in Crystals
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12.5
Correlation between Bonding and the Properties of Solids
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12.6
Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors
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12.7
Superconductors
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12.8
Polymeric Solids
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12.9
Contemporary Materials
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12.10
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13
Solutions
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13.1
Factors Affecting Solution Formation
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13.2
Solubility and Molecular Structure
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13.3
Units of Concentration
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13.4
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility
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13.5
Colligative Properties of Solutions
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13.6
Aggregate Particles in Aqueous Solution
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13.7
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14
Chemical Kinetics
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14.1
Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
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14.2
Reaction Rates and Rate Laws
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14.3
Methods of Determining Reaction Order
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14.4
Using Graphs to Determine Rate Laws, Rate Constants, and Reaction Orders
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14.5
Half-Lives and Radioactive Decay Kinetics
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14.6
Reaction Rates—A Microscopic View
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14.7
The Collision Model of Chemical Kinetics
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14.8
Catalysis
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14.9
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15
Chemical Equilibrium
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15.1
The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium
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15.2
The Equilibrium Constant
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15.3
Solving Equilibrium Problems
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15.4
Nonequilibrium Conditions
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15.5
Factors That Affect Equilibrium
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15.6
Controlling the Products of Reactions
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15.7
Essential Skills
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15.8
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16
Aqueous Acid–Base Equilibriums
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16.1
The Autoionization of Water
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16.2
A Qualitative Description of Acid–Base Equilibriums
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16.3
Molecular Structure and Acid–Base Strength
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16.4
Quantitative Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibriums
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16.5
Acid–Base Titrations
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16.6
Buffers
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16.7
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17
Solubility and Complexation Equilibriums
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17.1
Determining the Solubility of Ionic Compounds
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17.2
Factors That Affect Solubility
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17.3
The Formation of Complex Ions
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17.4
Solubility and pH
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17.5
Qualitative Analysis Using Selective Precipitation
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17.6
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18
Chemical Thermodynamics
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18.1
Thermodynamics and Work
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18.2
The First Law of Thermodynamics
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18.3
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
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18.4
Entropy Changes and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
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18.5
Free Energy
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18.6
Spontaneity and Equilibrium
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18.7
Comparing Thermodynamics and Kinetics
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18.8
Thermodynamics and Life
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18.9
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19
Electrochemistry
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19.1
Describing Electrochemical Cells
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19.2
Standard Potentials
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19.3
Comparing Strengths of Oxidants and Reductants
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19.4
Electrochemical Cells and Thermodynamics
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19.5
Commercial Galvanic Cells
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19.6
Corrosion
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19.7
Electrolysis
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19.8
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20
Nuclear Chemistry
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20.1
The Components of the Nucleus
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20.2
Nuclear Reactions
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20.3
The Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter
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20.4
Thermodynamic Stability of the Atomic Nucleus
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20.5
Applied Nuclear Chemistry
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20.6
The Origin of the Elements
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20.7
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21
Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements
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21.1
Overview of Periodic Trends
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21.2
The Chemistry of Hydrogen
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21.3
The Alkali Metals (Group 1)
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21.4
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
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21.5
The s-Block Elements in Biology
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21.6
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22
The p-Block Elements
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22.1
The Elements of Group 13
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22.2
The Elements of Group 14
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22.3
The Elements of Group 15 (The Pnicogens)
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22.4
The Elements of Group 16 (The Chalcogens)
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22.5
The Elements of Group 17 (The Halogens)
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22.6
The Elements of Group 18 (The Noble Gases)
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22.7
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23
The d-Block Elements
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23.1
General Trends among the Transition Metals
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23.2
A Brief Survey of Transition-Metal Chemistry
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23.3
Metallurgy
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23.4
Coordination Compounds
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23.5
Crystal Field Theory
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23.6
Transition Metals in Biology
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23.7
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24
Organic Compounds
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24.1
Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
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24.2
Isomers of Organic Compounds
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24.3
Reactivity of Organic Molecules
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24.4
Common Classes of Organic Reactions
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24.5
Common Classes of Organic Compounds
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24.6
The Molecules of Life
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24.7
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A
Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C
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B
Solubility-Product Constants (Ksp) for Compounds at 25°C
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C
Dissociation Constants and pKa Values for Acids at 25°C
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D
Dissociation Constants and pKb Values for Bases at 25°C
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E
Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C
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F
Properties of Water
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G
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
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H
Periodic Table of Elements
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I
Experimentally Measured Masses of Selected Isotopes
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J
Art and Photo Credits
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J.1
Molecular Models
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J.2
Photo Credits
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